philip ii of spain - Search
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  1. Died13 September 1598 (aged 71) · El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Crown of Castile
    SpousesMaria Manuela of Portugal · (m. 1543; died · 1545) · Mary I of England · (m. · 1554; died · 1558) · Elisabeth of Valois · (m. 1559; died · 1568) · Anna of Austria · (m. · 1570; died · 1580)
    Early life: 1527–1548

    A member of the House of Habsburg, Philip was the son of Emperor Charles V, who was also king of Castile and Aragon, and Isabella of Portugal. He was born in the Castilian capital of Valladolid on 21 May 1527 at … See more

    Domestic policy

    After living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign, Philip II decided to return to Castile. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority, influenced … See more

    Economy

    Charles V had left his son Philip with a debt of about 36 million ducats and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. This debt caused Philip II to default on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 (including debt to Poland, known as … See more

    Foreign policy

    Philip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic objectives. He considered himself the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the Ottoman Empire and against the forces of the … See more

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